Blog Archive UC-Berkeley Haas Essay Analysis, 20112012

Blog Archive UC-Berkeley Haas Essay Analysis, 2011â€"2012 UC-Berkeleys Haas School of Business has streamlined their essays somewhat this year, finally removing a small piece that was arguably redundant, and that pertained to your research on the school (wasn’t that covered in the broader personal statement?). Haas still peppers you with a few quick hits of 250 wordsfive of them, in factthat will require you to brainstorm at length to keep the reader learning. As you write these essays, you will be challenged to draw from various experiences to ensure that the reader is engaged, but you should not focus solely on discussing different experiences in each essay; you should focus on revealing different skills as well. Two stories about landing a new client are definitely redundant. Two stories that occur at the office, one about landing a new client and the other about being an effective mentor, serve to introduce new aspects of your experience. Still, if possible, you should offer a mix of professional, community and personal experiences in your essays to demonstrate that you have a strong internal motor and various arrows in your quiver. 1. What brings you the greatest joy? How does this make you distinctive? (250 word maximum) This question will no doubt bewilder a lot of candidates: “What do they want to hear?” “What is a reasonable answer?” “How do I make myself distinct?” We suggest that you think about (surprise!) what truly brings you the most joy in your life and then focus pointedly on a single experience or a group of experiences within that area of interest. Perhaps you are happiest when you are indulging your imagination  through art or pushing yourself physically in some kind of athletic activity. Although both of these options can be interesting, neither is necessarily “distinctive,” so you will need to determineâ€"and then communicateâ€"the way in which your particular passion for the activity in question is unique. This could entail how you engage in this interest or perhaps the circumstances in which you first developed an affinity for this aspect of your lifeor another angle on the topic altogether. Obviously, conveying a sense of the joy you obtain from this thing or activi ty is important, but revealing how that joy is manifest in a way that is specific to you will mean the difference between a successful essay and one that is commonplace. 2. What is your most significant accomplishment? (250 word maximum) Your most significant accomplishment can be from any sphereâ€"professional, community, academic, personalâ€"but when you are choosing which to feature for this essay, be sure to maintain a sense of balance among these spheres in the totality of your application. In short, try to represent as many dimensions of your candidacy as possible as you respond to these short-answer questions. So, whichever aspect of your profile you choose to highlight here, it should not be represented elsewhere in your application. This means that you will have to exercise judgment. The key to this essay is to choose an experience that is simple but powerfulâ€"one that speaks for itself and draws the reader in, allowing him/her to draw a clear conclusion about your capabilities. Even with just 250 words, you can sufficiently recount a story that accomplishes this goal. 3. Describe a time when you questioned an established practice or thought within an organization. How did your actions create positive change? (250 word maximum) To successfully respond to this question, you do not need to present yourself as some kind of rebel or rabble-rouserâ€"you can challenge authority while still acting diplomatically. What is important to Haas’s admissions committee is whether you have the strength of character to stand up for what you feel is right. So, if you have a story about a time you blew the whistle on a fraud, this would of course be a fitting experience to share, but we expect that most candidates will instead have relatively simple stories about instigating less dramaticâ€"yet still meaningfulâ€"changes within their companies. Maybe your firm originally had a “trial by fire” culture that left newcomers floundering and you launched a system of training modules that facilitated and standardized the process of bringing new hires up to speed. Again, much as you should also do for essay one, you will need to spend some time focusing on the manifestation of your actionsâ€"the change itself is not nearly as i mportant as how you brought about that change. 4. Describe a time when you were a student of your own failure. What specific insight from this experience has shaped your development? (250 word maximum) Haas’s questions are not getting much easierâ€"four short questions in, and the admissions committee wants to hear about a failure you have experienced. Many applicants feel that failure is the most difficult topic to write about, because few have had “heroic” failures (e.g., you left your job to start a nonprofit that could not raise the necessary funds and had to fold)â€"which are relatively easy to write about and reflect well on the candidateâ€"and instead have had embarrassing failures (which applicants typically should avoid sharing). So, what is the right kind of failure to discuss, if you do not have one of the heroic variety? The first thing to do when trying to identify which failure experience to share is to analyze your successes. Most successes that are worth discussing were hard earned, meaning that they most likely involved some failures along the wayâ€"you may have simply forgotten about some of the failures you experienced as part of the successes you ultimately achieved. For example, the popular new product that you launched may have initially been mispriced; you may have encountered production delays that you should have been able to avoid; you may have had trouble convincing a single retailer to sell it or originally targeted the wrong venues.  Of course, these are just examples, but the nature of business is that projects are revised, deals are delayed, efforts are stymied. To write a strong essay response to this question, you must clearly convey your specific actions and intentions, thereby revealing a sincere effort on your part that simply yielded unexpected results in the end.  You will a lso need to identify and share key learnings from the experience that caused you to change your overall approach going forward. 5. Describe a time when you led by inspiring or motivating others toward a shared goal. (250 word maximum) In essay two, Haas’s admissions committee is interested in learning about how you operate as a “lone wolf.” In this essay, the school wants to understand that you can also be a team playerâ€"that you can rouse others to aspire to greater heights and to work toward (or more likely  achieve) a team goal. One can certainly generate inspiration and motivation via fiery speeches and grandiose displays, but these are not the only ways. Humbly setting an example for others to follow can be just as effective. In the end, though, the particular manner in which the inspiration was produced is not that relevant, but you will need to demonstrate a clear cause-and-effect relationship between your actions and the reactions of others as you worked together to achieve your goal. 6. a. What are your post-MBA short-term and long-term career goals? How have your professional experiences prepared you to achieve these goals? 6. b. How will an MBA from Haas help you achieve these goals? (1,000 word maximum for 6a. and 6b.) Because Personal Statements are similar from one application to the next, we have produced the  mbaMission Personal Statement Guide, which helps applicants write this style of essay for any school. We offer this guide to candidates free of charge, via our online store.  Please feel free to download your copy today. For a thorough  exploration of UC-Berkeley Haas’s academic program/merits, defining characteristics,  crucial statistics, social life, academic environment and more,  please check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guide to the Haas School of Business at the University of Californiaâ€"Berkeley. Share ThisTweet 2011-2012 Berkeley-Haas MBA Essay Analysis

The Effects Of Helicopter Parenting On Young Adults Who...

Helicopter parenting is the over use or excessive use of parental guidance thought to generate a slower progression of emotional maturity and physical wellbeing in young adults. The methods used in this review include examining previous literature and current studies on this issue of helicopter parenting. The purpose of this review is to establish the measure of autonomy and mental wellbeing in young adults who are entering college for the first time. This literary review looks at the long term effects of helicopter parenting. While parental involvement is clearly linked to positive traits in children, can over parenting produce negative outcomes? Issues that have been related to helicopter parenting include a lack of autonomy and satisfaction with life, increased stress, anxiety and depression and overall poor coping skills (Schiffrin et al., 2013). Perhaps if a link between the issues listed above and helicopter parenting can be proven, then a way to correct or reverse the issue can also be identified. The current research and studies on the effects of helicopter parenting are being pioneered by Chris Segrin of Arizona State University. In one article titled Maternal Care and Control as Mediators in the Relationship between Mothers’ and Adult Children’s Psychosocial Problems, Segrin and his colleagues investigate the relationship between mothers’ and adult children’s psychosocial problems. This article looked at the direct measure of depression, loneliness andShow MoreRelatedHelicopter Parents1139 Words   |  5 PagesMost parents take an interest in their child’s life from birth until they become an adult by picking and choosing what is best for them as much as they possibly can. Parents want to help their children to be as perfect as they can make them. Typically hovering parents spend a lot of money, time, and effort filling schedules things like with dance classes, baseball, and tutoring in order to have a ‘perfect’ child. As wel l as coming to their aid when they are in need, or their defense when they areRead MoreAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 Pagesmalt beverages (FMBs) indicates that adults appear to be the intended target of FMB marketing, and that the products have established a niche in the adult market. The investigation found no evidence of targeting underage consumers in the FMB market. FMB marketers placed advertisements in conformance with the industry standard that at least 50% of the advertisement’s audience consists of adults age 21 and over. Nevertheless, the 50% placement standard in effect in 2001 and 2002 permitted the adsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesglOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61 Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident 2 Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace 64 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Attitudes 70 What Are the Main Components of Attitudes? 70 †¢ Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? 71 †¢ What Are the Major Job AttitudesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswill normally be a prerequisite that some type of analysis of the strategic position is undertaken, using the case material. When planning the use of these cases within programmes, care needs to be taken to balance the time taken on such strategic analysis so as to allow the time required to analyse the main issues for which the case has been chosen. Where the text and cases are being used as the framework for a strategy programme (as we hope they will), it is essential that students are required

This Article Provides A Brief Overview Of Existing Research

This article provides a brief overview of existing research on the effects of exposure to violent video games. An updated meta-analysis reveals that exposure to violent video games is significantly linked to increases in aggressive behavior, cognition, affect, and cardiovascular arousal, and to decreases in helping behavior. Experimental studies reveal the linkage is causal. Correlational studies reveal a links to serious, real types of violence. Methodologically weaker studies yielded smaller effect sizes than methodologically stronger studies, suggesting that previous meta-analytic studies of violent video games do not compare to the true magnitude of observed deleterious effects on behavior, cognition, and affect. Introduction Video†¦show more content†¦A few years later, in 2001, Anderson and Buschman, used meta-analytic techniques in order to combine results from empirical studies over violent video games and their effects on five different outcome variables: aggressive cognition, aggressive behavior, aggressive affect, psychological arousal, and helping behavior. Significant effects on these variables were found. Violent video games increase aggressive thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and arousal. The results also show that violent video games decrease the helping behavior. This study was performed on all different types of people: young, older, male, and female. On the other hand, â€Å"experts† in the video game industry, criticize the research literature that exists about violent video game (much like tobacco companies do with research proving tobacco can cause cancer). Research conducted by these video game â€Å"experts† do not have any science in the studies. Study Sample The studies performed use the same five variables as listed above in Anderson and Buschman’s (2001) meta-analysis. Any given study could contain more than one sample or the participants and some of the studies had separate results for males and females. In each sample, each of the five variables were recalculated. For each sample, nine methodological problems were examined. These nine problems are as followed: 1. Non-violent video game condition contained violence, and there was noShow MoreRelatedEssay645 Words   |  3 Pagesyears, a significant amount of research on franchising has been conducted in various disciplines, including economics, law, management, marketing, and management science. A major goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature. A second goal of this article is to enumerate steps that can be taken to improve both the rigor and relevance of franchising research. 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William Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Hamlet - 987 Words

In Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Hamlet speaks this soliloquy at the end of Act 3 Scene 2. At this point, the play-within-the-play has just been performed for the royal court and more specifically, Claudius. Hamlet was ready to observe anything unusual Claudius might do. The king’s strange behavior, after the Player King commits the same murder Claudius did to his brother, delivers the proof that the ghost of Hamlet’s father was right and that he can continue with his plan of seeking revenge on his uncle. Following the kings abrupt exit, Hamlet is confronted by Guilderstern and Rosencrantz who lets him know that the king is was irritated and that his mother is upset and in distress. Hamlet suspects that his mother might have been involved or at least had known of Claudius unspeakable act. The bombarding of emotions from the proof of his uncles murder, to the realization that he must kill Claudius and confront his mother for possibly bein g involved in the assassination, he gains an amount of anger and courage that produced itself in this soliloquy. The overall theme of this speech is the death that will take plus now that Hamlet has affirmed his suspicion that Claudius did murder his father like the ghost said. Hamlet begins his speech and sets the overall mood in line with death and crime when he states â€Å"Tis now the very witching time of night† (3.3.860). The â€Å"time of night† (3.3860) is usually when supernatural occurrences take place. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pages Shakespeare is most commonly known for his poetry and playwrights. He is globally regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. Plays such as Macbeth, Romero and Juliet, and King Lear were some of his most successful tragedies. 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Inspiring the Extraordinary free essay sample

When I picked up the book Make the Impossible Possible by Bill Strickland, I could not help but form a negative opinion about it. I thought, Great. Here is another book trying to tell me how to generically make my life better. I looked up at Ms. Purser with a sneer and pessimistic thoughts running through my head. As soon as I began reading the first chapter, though, my opinion turned on Its head. This was proving to be a book written from a real persons perspective.Instead of click Instructions on owe to improve my life, I was reading the story off man who came up in the ghetto, but changed his mentality and began leading a successful life. Every chapter hit me hard in a deferent way and made me rethink my entire future. Make the Impossible Possible has without a doubt changed the way I live my life and has struck a hidden, reflective, and rare view about my past experiences and my fight to overcome adversity and make something out of myself. In my lifetime, I have had a handful of mentors like Frank Ross. The one man who has truly changed my life Is Coach Hendricks.Hendricks was my high school softball coach for the first three years of my high school career. The summer before my senior year, he left Russell County and went to Central High School. When he told the team the news, I cried my heart out. As a softball coach, he taught me more about the game than all the other coaches In my life have combined. He helped me truly understand the game and did everything he could to Improve my game more every day. As a life coach, he carried me through the toughest period of my life. During my sophomore and Junior years of high school, my home life crumbled.I lost the relationships with both of my parents while drugs and attempted suicides were Introduced Into my family life. I was even homeless and living out of a garage for a few months. Coach Hendricks worked with me around court dates and sporadic circumstances. He also gave me advice and words of encouragement that have carried with me to this day. He became the one man in my life that I could depend on and Indirectly took over the role of a father when my own walked out on me. I thank God every day that he put such an amazing man in my life.Relationships like these are so vital because they emanate such a positive impact on one if not both of your lives. The change that results from these relationships ay very well be the best thing to ever happen to you. I can only pray that every single person in the world finds a bond like Bill Strickland and Frank Ross or Coach Hendricks and l. Everyone needs a mentor who can turn his or her life upside down and construct a new perspective. If we could all just find that one thing that gives us hope, we would be able to see all of the opportunity that Lies before us.Special people Like Frank Ross and Coach Hendricks can show us the bright sides of life, even when our worlds are black. 1 OFF Mould even guess that I am about to write a few paragraphs about how softball puts me in the swing of life. In a sense, that is true. I used to have a deep love for softball and every time I swung the bat or made a play it put me in my zone. August of this {ear changed all of that, though. August 3, 2013 my rap group, The Circle, had our first concert. It was small and short, but it was the greatest day of my life so far.We had seven people show up and we ate hot dogs and played music until it got dark. En did covers of songs, played around on guitar and piano, and performed our original songs for our minuscule audience. It probably does not seem like much to anyone else, but something about performing for the first time in that backyard made e feel invincible. When I am playing guitar and singing or rapping original lyrics it takes me too completely different world. I get the same effect when I write songs. I could listen to instrumentals all day and write bar after bar.The only true way to express myself is through writing. My mom and teachers always told me that I am a good writer, and by finding a way to combine the fulfillment of writing and my love for music, I have found a way to escape this world and go to one that is all my own. These swing moments happen almost every day when I put my headphones in and listen to beats. Words come flowing out of me and when I put them too rhyme, magic happens. I catch myself rambling on about these moments when I write, but the truth is that words cannot even begin to accurately describe those moments. If I need to get away from reality, I Just pick up my guitar and play a few chords or put my headphones in and play an instrumental. I owe every proud moment of my life to these swing moments. It might be weird, but in a way these moments make me a better person. They define me. Making pottery simply changed Bill Strickland life. His ability to make something out of nothing with a ball of clay made him see attention. For the first time in his life, he saw the opportunity to form something great with his own two hands. He grabbed hold of the raw potential the clay proved to be and tried to make it extraordinary.Strickland did not realize how much the other aspects of his life had been weighing him down until he worked with the clay. Making pottery gave him Joy, the opposite reaction he got from his surroundings. For once in his life, he found a way to be happy by molding greatness with his bare hands. I have had the privilege of having a pottery moment in my life. A pottery moment is one moment that changes your life forever and gives you a feeling of purpose and accomplishment. These moments are once-in-a-lifetime occurrences and something you will never forget. Mine, for instance, has to do with rap.When I started out rapping, it was horrendous. My lyrics were below-average and my delivery was choppy and lacking confidence. One day in my bathroom, I could not get the song Same Love by Mackerel and Ryan Lewis out of my head. The beat was so catchy, in fact, that I started writing a rap to it. A week later, I had a three verse song recorded and finalized that enabled me to tell my story about being gay. When went to my friend Coachs house to record it, he fell in love with my version of the song. He has always been my number one fan, so that coming from him made me feel good, but not great.When he put the song on the internet though, listeners loved it. Getting compliments from fans telling me how inspiring that song was and how good off rapper I am gave me an incredible feeling that is incomparable. Now in this world. I have always been so doubtful of myself but writing raps and playing guitar and singing give me pride in myself that I have never experienced before. I gain fans every day and it is the most amazing feeling. I write music for other people, not myself. I can share my stories and feelings through songs and all I can ever hope for is to touch peoples lives.If they are feeling down or in a deep dark place, I want them to be able to listen to my music and know that I have been there too and that there are always brighter days. When people listen to my songs, I want them to experience that high and self confidence I feel when I write them. I want them to feel me, feel my heart, because I put my heart into every song. My self confidence has gone through the roof, and it is all thanks to my pottery moment. The phrase falling wrought the cracks in the ghettos trapdoors refers to something that you know you need to do or a goal you have set for yourself that keeps tripping you up along the way.My trapdoor is getting in shape and having my body look the way I want it to. Over the past few years, my weight has been a reallocates. I have been anywhere from 150 pounds to 180 pounds. Although one of the factors of my weight is what is happening to me emotionally at the time, I believe that there is no excuse for not having my dream body. I sometimes go through phases of exercise when I start trimming down, but one thing or another always ends up interrupting. Getting myself in shape and staying that way is one thing that I keep starting to do, but I end up falling through every time.I am not the type of person to complain about my weight to other people or try to draw attention to myself by getting in shape. I am not doing it for anyone else; I am doing it for myself. I want to be able to wake up in the morning and look at myself and be proud of how I look. It does not matter to me if anyone else likes the way I look. I am not going to lie and say that I am not a people pleaser though. Most of the time, I care more about other peoples feelings and pinions more than my own. I Just believe that this is my body, my temple, and I want to please myself and God with it.My physical body is the one thing that everyone else in this world has no say-so in. At the end of the day, I am the only one who controls what I look like. Although getting my body to my own visual satisfaction is a major trapdoor for me, I am working hard every day to change that. I have been through too much in my life and I am too strong off person to fall short of myself. If there is anyone in this world that I refuse to disappoint, it is me. In Bill Strickland iris semester of college, he struggled tremendously. He did not understand how all of his classmates understood the lectures and took efficient notes.After ending the first semester with a C-minus average and begging admissions to let him redeem himself, he turned his note-taking and study skills on their heads. He began to talk to his classmates and Join study groups. He gradually started understanding the structure in the classrooms and by the end of the second semester, his name was on the Deans List. He had to work his butt off to do it, but Strickland managed to figure out college and excel in his studies. My first semester of college has been a tough one. When I started college, I knew it would be completely different from high school.The workload would be much heavier, excuses would not be accepted, and more responsibility would be required from me. I also knew that adding softball to the mix would make things even harder on me. I was right about everything, but it still manage my time correctly. I still have trouble with it, but my time management has improved tremendously since I began college. I have also had to learn how to study efficiently. In high school, I rarely had to study and when I did, it was quick and easy. Ninth the new heavy workload in college, there is so much more information to learn. Eve had to learn the best way for me to study and to set aside time to fully commit to schoolwork. Juggling all of these things that go along with college is hard, but luckily for me I have some great support. I have had two great professors that really got me going in college and have helped me figure out what I am doing. I could not be more thankful for them. My first semester of college has been a great learning experience. Even though it was hard, I needed it to get me on the right track to here I need to be mentally and educationally.Life is all about change, and Jazz is the same way. There are so many changes that occur in both life and Jazz, some of them are foreseen and some of them are completely unexpected. The little snags in my life seem to occur almost daily. I like to plan things out and know what is going on when and who is doing it. As we all know though, plans do not always go as we want them to. I am learning to Just go Ninth the flow day by day and improvise in different and maybe even better ways. I am also learning to appreciate the chance occurrences.We must all admit that in some way, we see chance occurrences coming. We even prepare ourselves for these hence occurrences involuntarily in hopes that they do happen one day. If I look back on any outstanding chance occurrences in my past, I realize that I spent some time up to that point preparing myself for that one moment and Just like in Jazz, En that moment came I needed to be ready to deliver. The one thing that Just drives me crazy is unforeseen opportunities. It is not a bad thing, but like I have already stated, I like to know what is going on, so the unexpected is one of my peeves. He more these unforeseen opportunities arise in my life, the more I am learning to truly appreciate them and take advantage of them while I can. That is one of the hardest but most rewarding things to do in life. As I get further along in my college career, the question of my future grows bolder and bolder. I am absolutely determined to chase after my dreams and achieve my hearts desires. Jazz players follow their instincts and the longings of their hearts and the result is a beautiful, flowing sound that is original and unique. Every one of our footprints on this life is like that. We will all leave behind a different mark on this world and it is up to us Neither or not that mark is a reflection of our heart, or the result of living complacently and going through the motions. I am, for the most part, a conservative person. I usually do not like to take risks because I strive for perfection. I have had to learn how to gamble though, because sometimes taking a chance is Just what I need to do. Improvisational Jazz is exactly how it sounds; Jazz that is constantly improvised to make new sounds and put different twists on the music.That is how we have to handle life sometimes. Putting our own spin on things, making things our own, and learning how to handle sudden, dramatic changes and survivable that are thrown at AS gives us the ability to live the most unique and authentic lives possible. In Make the Impossible Possible, Bill Strickland says not to let your goal become your tyrant because doing so turns you into a runner in a predetermined course in which the something that we are working every day to reach, but something that we are living.My goal is to become a well-known rapper and to make money by making music. Making and performing music are the only things that I can see myself doing every day for the rest of my life. I have a deep passion for music and that drives me to push hard to make something out of myself. I am living my dreams now by making ones and by going to school for music production so that I can learn the technical aspect of the music business. I have already made one mixed tape and I am currently working on my second one.My rap group The Circle is constantly looking for opportunities to put our music out there so we can be heard. We have sent our tapes out and we are setting up shows so that we have the chance to perform and show people our talent. The one thing that really hit home for me from this novel is that Bill Strickland had a passion and chased it endlessly, even with continuous setbacks. My dream is, by the worlds standards, one of the most ridiculous dreams o have. It is so hard to be discovered and make it big in the music industry.This book has inspired me to keep chasing and living my dream no matter what the world may say about it. Strickland taught me that I need persistence and patience if I am going to succeed. I cannot allow setbacks and failures to discourage me, but to be a driving force to keep pushing forward. Music is my passion and I am willing to stick Ninth it to accomplish my goals. Bill Strickland and his book Make the Impossible Possible helped me realize that my dreams are in reach and that anything really is possible.

Scuba Diving

Introduction The life of a diver highly depends on the diving gear, particularly the procedure of ensuring every part of a scuba gear is in the required conditions before the activity. It is also important to ensure quality of the gear and the people understand the procedure of using the materials during diving. The scuba diver’s life vastly depends on the equipment, and the sport is entirely equipment-dependent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scuba Diving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the gear fails, even an experienced scuba diver is in deep trouble due to the possible dangers. This essay forms a manual about scuba diving, explanation on the technical procedures of combining some parts of the equipment, importance of the parts, differences and usage. The manual also tries to answer common queries raised concerning this recreational activity. Scuba Diving Gear Scuba Masks It forms the interface bet ween the underworld and the diver. It is therefore extremely important that the equipment be personal and of best fit. Before diving, the mask has to be well garbed in place, levelled, accurately fit and defogged to ensure good visibility underwater. Unlike other masks such as the industrial mask, scuba masks are quite different since they are customized for the deep diving and underwater atmospheres. Unlike snorkelling masks that are designed for surface water sports, which are made of plastic lenses, materials used on most scuba masks include silicon as well as a tempered glass that is tough enough to overcome fogs or scratches. The main purpose of the mask is to enhance better vision underwater, but it also acts as a gear that prevents water from the diver’s nostrils. Vision is quite vital underwater since it enables the diver to read a pressure gauge and hand signs or gesture communication. According to Crockett, various scuba masks are available in the market, including the one, two, or side window masks, wide field vision masks, purge-valve masks, optical lensed masks and silicon coloured masks (34). All masks in the market are quite different in design to accommodate diverse fits for different facial shapes. It is thus advisable for any buyer to try all the available shapes before deciding a purchase. The mask has various parts as illustrated on the diagram below.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Parts of Scuba Mask The lenses are made from tempered glass as opposed to plastic to prevent easy scratching or fogging. The skirt of the mask is also made of pliable solid from silicon as opposed to plastic. Silicon is more flexible and softer, thus provides a better seal on the diver’s face any prevent water from getting into the eye. While trying the mask, Hold the mask against the face, with the nose in the pocket provisio n. Ensure the skirt lies flat on the skin without folds Confirm the skirt presses well on cheeks and temple. Carry out the test without pulling the strap over the head. Ensure the strap does not come between the face and skirt of the mask. Safeguard the hair to ensure it is not trapped in the mask. A good fitting mask has a skirt that lays halfway between the mouth and bottom of the nose as shown on figure 2 below. Figure 2: Testing the Best Fit before a Purchase To check if the mask is of best fit,Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scuba Diving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inhale deeply and let go the mask. A perfectly fitting mask must stick to the face without air leaks as shown on figure 3 below. Facial hair especially moustache may interfere with the tests but an application of petroleum or silicon jelly can be done to assist in sealing such areas prone to leaks (Crockett, 37). Figure 3: Inhaling in the Mask to test for Best Fit If the mask seals perfectly, Simulate the mouth position assuming presence of the regulator in the mouth during inhaling process as illustrated in figure 4 below. This assists in ensuring mask remains in place even in the presence of a regulator in the mouth. Figure 4: Mouth Simulation during Inhalation to find Best FitAdvertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being a gear that comes as a complete unit, the scuba mask is easy to have in place and adjust. The musk must first fit comfortably, but it is important that the diver ensure that the musk leaves very little airspace between the lenses and face. In line with Crockett, the closer the mask is to the face, the better the vision and the easier it is to equalize, adjust, prevent and clear fog (37). While putting the mask on, Pull the strap over the head and Allow the strap to pass through over the ears like sunglasses Avoid placing the skirt above the hairline as illustrated in figure 5, to avoid leaks. Figure 5: Putting the Mask On During a fit, a mask that touches the bridge of the nose or the nose is in contact with the bottom of the mask, clearly indicates that water pressure may cause more pain during diving (Crockett, 47). Figure six shows some of the aspects a diver may find necessary to check on before settling for a best fitting mask. Figure 6: Checking the Tight Spots durin g Best Fit Another simple check for a best fitting mask is by ensuring there is a comfortable way to pinch the nose closed by holding through the nose socket as illustrated on figure 7 below. Figure 7: Pinching Nose through Pocket to check for a Best fit A good mask must fit closely to the face; it leaves less air space between the face and lenses of the mask, thus providing an easier way of equalizing as shown on figure 7. Figure 8: The Distance between the Lenses and face Finding the mask’s area of vision Upon fitting to the mast to what seems to be the right position, Roll the eyeball through all direction and find out whether all the fields of sight are visible. Ensure that the amount of light into the mask is comfortable. The type of mask will determine the light regulation for instance the masks with dark silicon sealants provide less lighting, while those with clear seals allow more light into the mask. Checking all directions helps the diver to determine fitness o f the mask and the diving needs. Figure 9: Rolling the eye through all direction to ensure visibility after fitting How Scuba Mask Enhances Visibility Underwater Besides preventing blurred or distorted image, the mask is a vital gear for easy communication and clear vision in deep waters. Scientifically, the speed of light changes when it transfers from one medium to another (refraction of light), and during transfer from water and human lens in the eye, the change on the speed of light causes the diver to experience a blurry vision. The scuba mask assists because it holds some air between the water and eyes, thus allowing for the normal transfer of light from air (trapped in mask), to lens of the eye. The light waves pass from water through the mask to air inside the mask and then to the eye. However, vision through the scuba musk is still slightly distorted, but is 33% bigger in comparison to the images viewed directly through water (Zitzewits 138). Before a dive, Apply defoggin g solution on the inside of a mask, which prevents formation of fog. apply a little of this agent into the mask and rub around before a brief rinse with clean fresh water leave a thin layer of the agent inside the mask without rubbing off Divers must understand there is humidity in the air. The diver often breathes some air into the mask thus adding humidity. Condensation of such moisture fog the glass since warm air fogs due to contact with the cold lenses of the mask. The defogging agent breaks the bond between water molecules that form the fog on the inside of the mask. In line with Newman, some of the commercial defogging solutions are designed specifically for the mask (13). It is advisable to perform defogging before each dive. There are also numerous procedures of defogging, for instance use of toothpaste or flame to remove residue left after manufacturing. How to clear water from a Scuba mask It is important for a diver to have skills of clearing water from the scuba mask d uring a dive without the need to surface. Lack of such vital skills may cause nervousness. To clear the mask off water the diver need to follow the following procedure as illustrated in figure 10 below: First practice mouth or inhaling through the mouth and exhaling through nose especially if the water if felt entering the nostrils. Secondly, tilt the head downwards as a measure of trapping air in the nose, which in turn prevents water. Ensure the skirt of the mask holds firmly on the forehead by placing a strong grip on the frame of the mask or by spreading fingers along the edges. Keep head down to ensure water stays out of the nostrils. With the head tilted down, Inhale deeply through the regulator Exhale slowly but strongly through the nose Tilt head upwards gradually as you continue to exhale strongly through the nose The process need to last a couple of seconds. The exhaled air from the nose bubbles upwards into the mask, and forces the water out through the bottom of the mas k. After performing the procedure, look down towards the floor and ensure that any water that may remain in the mask does not flow into the nose. Repeat the procedure until all the droplets are completely removed Figure 10: Clearing Water from the Scuba Mask The tight grip on the upper side of the mask ensures that exhaled air does not escape from the top of the mask. Tilting the head up during the exercise also ensures that the air is retained in the mask without flowing out through the bottom or the sides. Properly skilled divers are able to clear mask fogs by letting in some water, directing the water to the lens of the mask by swishing where the fog is and clearing the water off the mask in the same way. Scuba Diving fins Divers have a wide variety of fins to choose from including the booties, spring-strapped, split, blade, and turtle beside open or close-heeled fins. According to Orr and Douglas, â€Å"Various fins have been designed for devious dives and various materials a re used to maximize propulsion and minimize the kicking efforts† (26). Types of Scuba Fins Aqualung Blade It is important to consider flexibility of fins. The aqualung blade fins shown in figure 11 below are very stiff and mostly preferred due to their enhanced feature of frog kicking to achieve better repulsion techniques for instance backing up turns. The stiffness enables the diver to propel easily and further for each kick made in comparison to the flexible fins. However, the fins are cumbersome and continuous kicks can be extremely exhausting (Orr and Douglas 26). Figure 11: Aqualung Stiff Blade fins Closed-Heels Fins They contain a packet made of rubber that covers the entire driver’s heel. According to Graver, the fins work extremely well without diver’s booties especially in warm water (31). Cold-water diver requires booties to overcome the harsh climatic conditions by keeping the feet warm especially during the on show dives. Booties have a hard bottom to enhance easy movements over rough beaches, rocks, hot surfaces before a dive. â€Å"Booties also prevent blisters since they are high enough to strap the diver’s heals and prevent direct rubs against heels during a dive or walk† (Graver 31). Figure12 below shows an illustration of the water booties. Figure 12: Scuba Booties It is critical that a diver considers the style of strap for the open heeled fins. In line with William, â€Å"Standard straps are made of flexible rubber that easily loosened, tightened or unclipped for easy wear and removal† (18). Advanced straps have tight coils to fasten round the heel, which are more durable due to the metallic materials and are more comfortable, styled and easy to remove. Figure 13 below differentiates the two type of strapping. Figure 13: Spring and Standard Rubber Straps Blade fins Blade fins are designed with continuous rubber or plastic materials with various panels, contours and holes to direct water. The fins also provide divers with a more efficient and flutter kick. The flexibility of the fins vary considerable and therefore are more appropriate for divers who wish to maintain a standard speed during a dive or wish to scuba dive through moderate currents (Bantin 11). Figure 14 below shows the differently styled blade fins. Figure 14: Differently Styled Blade Fins The split fins The split in the fin (figure 15) is meant to reduce the kicking efforts; therefore, the fins are preferable for the flutter kicking. There are also favourable among less masculine divers due to the reduced strain. They are more effective when there are fewer currents. Figure 15: Split fins Snorkelling Fins The fins are easy to manipulate due to their sizes. They also provide the diver an easy way of balancing in shallow waters; however, they fail to provide adequate propulsion for scuba diving, this means that the diver has to compensate with faster and harder kicks (Bantin 37). Figure 16 below provides an il lustration of the Snorkelling Fins Figure 16: Snorkelling Fins Turtle fins The shape (short and stiff) and type of material gives them a more definitive design. They are more thick and heavier and work perfectly during the technical or advanced dives. A kick with the fins provides a more propelled effect but causes greater exhaustion. As seen on figure 17 below, the designs of these fins are simple but the equipment is still considered as one of the most effective fin. Most stores still stock the classic version but with diverse styles. In line with Bantin, the technical diver prefers the fins due to the great repulsive force they provide, and the size is effective during navigation in compacted areas where there are dangers of kicking the ceiling (37). Figure 17: Turtle fins Free-diving Fins As figure 18 below illustrates, the fins have very long, thin and stiff fins that make them very unfavourable among the recreational divers. The fins are preferable during frog and flutter ki cks due to their long blades. Although most divers do not prefer these fins due to the involved technicality of manipulation, they provide easy, quicker and very strong repulsive movements. Figure 18: Free-diving Fins Coloured Fins The colours come in handy during a dive where individuals are easy to locate and identify especially the brightly coloured one in poor visibility areas. Neon, orange, yellow, red, sky-blue are common bright colours as figure 19 below illustrates. Figure 19: Coloured Fins Innovative Fins They are specially designed with elastic enhancements such as rubber to add effectiveness during a kick. Some have a gear shifting mechanism for adjustment during a dive in the aim of decreasing or increasing resistance (Bantin 37). Figure 20: Innovative Fins Snorkels This is a safety equipment used together with the breathing regulators particularly when there are difficulties regarding keeping the head above the waves. The equipment is simply a bent tube with a mouthp iece attached at the bottom. The side is attached to the scuba mask through a clip and the other end (top-tube) extending above the head to stick out of the water surface and form a provision for easy breathing when the head is completely submerged. The clip enables the diver to use the snorkel without need to hold it in place. Figure 21 below shows various parts of a snorkel. The top of the equipment can be completely open, with a classic and easy to use design, but water splashing on the top drains directly into the mouthpiece. There thus more favourable in calm conditions, otherwise the diver is forced to clear water splashing into the open top (Bulenkov 7). Figure 21: Parts of a Snorkel Angled Snorkels Slightly angled snorkels are better since they provide a drier top by preventing water from entering, unless when completely submerged. The top covering consists of vents angled to divert splashing water. Although the snorkels provide easiness of breathing, they are favourable in calm and less wavy conditions but are heavier at the top compared to the open tops. Figure 22: Angled Snorkels Fully dry-top Snorkels seal water even when the diver submerges completely. The top is implemented with simple scientific mechanism of folds and valves. The system closes when a diver submerges thus eliminating need to clear water upon return to the surface. If the diver is using a snorkel that does not incorporate purge valves as illustrated in figure 23, water can easily enter the tube. In such a case, Exhale powerfully to ensure water blows out through the top Figure 23: Snorkels without Purge Vales The blowing cannot affect or break any part since the purge valve is absent. Unlike the snorkels with a purge valve at the base (illustrated in figure 24 below), those without the valve are very durable due to the simplicity. According to Bulenkov, Snorkels with valves are easier and faster to clear and are thus rapidly gaining the standardisation prominence in the marke t (8). Figure 24: Snorkels with Purge Vales Rigid Tube Snorkels The rigid nature of this snorkels assist in maintains the tube’s shape thus prevents bending. The equipment can be comfortable to the user but it need to be of the right fit. Ensure best fit of the rigid tube snorkel during mask fitting exercise. Check the angle of inclination to ensure it does not leave big space A good angle fit is closer to the diver’s face. Flexible Snorkels They have corrugated plastic or silicon connection between the upper and bottom portions. They are easy to fit due to the flexibility. The flexibility come in handy during diving where the diver can replace the snorkel with the regulator and the mouthpiece hangs sideways away from destructing the diver. Figures 25 and 26 below show the differences between the rigid and flexible tube snorkels. Figure 25: Rigid-Tubed Snorkels Figure 26: Flexible-Tubed Snorkels Nautilus Snorkel As figure 27 below illustrates, this snorkel is a fl exible and easy to fit into a carrying case and can be stashed in the Buoyancy compensator pockets or left loose on the rings. Upon removal, the device springs open into shape. It may lack other critical features, but the flexibility makes the device a favourite for some divers. Figure 27: Nautilus Snorkel Oceanic Pocket Snorkel The Oceanic Pocket Snorkel is highly comparable to the Nautilus Snorkel, but it has a strapping to keep it folded when not in use. Oceanic pocket snorkel has a purge valve on top that is tougher, thus making it not fold to a small size like the Nautilus. Figure 28 below shows the oceanic pocket snorkel. Figure 28: Oceanic Pocket Snorkel The Mouth Pieces According to Treinish, these are part of the snorkel that fits into the diver’s mouth and are made of soft silicon manufactured in diverse shapes for best fits as illustrated on figure 29 below (253). The diver must: Find the right type and size Check the styles for instance strapping for easy fits and comfort Decide the ease of clearing collected water Most mouthpieces have a small reservoir extension to prevent water that drains into the tube from dripping directly into the diver’s mouth. The dive can still breathe with ease even when some water has collected in the snorkel. The reservoir thus provides easiness on usage and clearing collecting water (Treinish 254). Figure 29: Various Mouth Pieces Mask Connectors The connectors that attach the snorkels to the masks are diverse depending on manufacturers, as illustrated below. Figure 30: Various Mask Connectors on Snorkels Test for attachment and detachment before diving. If it works well in air, then it is good for diving. If they detach easily in air then hold to them during roll or a jump to avoid loss. Ensure that the connection allow easy movement of snorkel One of the attachments uses a permanently mounted loop and a hook that provides a quicker way of detaching and attaching. Another has a hook that slides o ver the tube and provides a slower but ascertained way of attaching. The snorkel keeper has two loops made from plastic, which slides over the tube. It is equally a slow mechanism but cannot be detached accidentally. Other connectors have adjustable clips attached to the snorkel. Scuba Tanks and Regulators Scuba tanks are mainly made from steel and aluminium to hold compressed air. Aluminium is lighter in weight but need to be designed with thicker walls to sustain the compressed air inside. Aluminium is also easily dented and scratched. On the other hand, steel tanks rust easily in presence of moisture. Perform periodical tumbling to remove oxidation from the inside of the aluminium tank Considers the scuba tank dry-weight (weight when empty) before a hiking any significant distances. Choose a low capacity tank during shallow diving and high capacity during longer deep diving or if you have high consumptions. Fill the tanks at reliable stations to ensure they are only filled with dry air. Avoid emptying the tank completely Take the tank for frequent tumbles to remove any rusts Ensure compressed gas tanks are or have been taken for a hydrostatic test. Check the test date Inspect tanks frequently especially at the neck threads for possible clacks that can cause gas leaks and loss. Check the type of regulator. Do you prefer DIN or Yoke? To determine the type of regulator, look for an O-ring at the valve attaching to the tank. If the O-ring is present, then the valve is a DIN otherwise, it is a yoke. Figure 31 show a DIN while figure and 32 a yoke regulator. Figure 31: DIN Scuba Tank Regulator Figure 32: Yoke Scuba Tank Regulator Air consumption from a scuba tank during a dive The support expectancy of air in a scuba tank depends on the diver’s consumption rate technically termed as â€Å"Surface Air Consumption Rate (SAC rate) or the Respiratory Minute Volume† (Leaird 43). Divers with large lung volumes (tall and those with big BMI (Body Mass I ndex)) need more air that the short or petite persons. Other factors that determine consumption include diving experience levels /specialty on diving, stress, exercise done before a dive and ability to control buoyancy. To limit air intake and ensure consistent supply, Relax and practice slow and deep breathing patterns End the dive before reaching the air supply limit Calculate the no-decompression limit Plan and monitor the dive time Do not exceed the planned depth Avoid reaching the â€Å"no-decompression limit† during a dive Use â€Å"enriched air nitrox† Ascend with a friend who has reached the supply limit Have a contingency plan Factors that determine durability of air in a scuba tank during a dive include: The tank volume Consumption rate The pressure of water Buoyancy Control and Effects of Buoyancy on Divers: Inflate and deflate the â€Å"Buoyancy control Device (BCD)† to increase or decrease buoyancy respectively during a dive (Leaird 89). Use le ad weights to descend and stay down as the scuba tank empties Scuba Regulators The regulator enables the diver to breath from the scuba tank during underwater dives. The equipment is called a scuba regulator because of controlling the amount of air the diver breathes. It is not possible to breath directly from the tank since the air is highly compressed (strongly pressured). The regulator reduces pressure from the tank to an intermediary section before its final regulation to the diver. Parts of a Scuba Regulator According to Bantin, the gear has various accessories but two main stages (68). Figure 33: Parts of a Scuba Regulator First point of regulation: Controls the air pressure by reducing it to an intermediate pressure point, through a low-pressure hose. As shown on figure 34 below, first-point regulator connects to four different hoses, three to the second point of regulation as well as the buoyancy compensator and one hose to the gauge. Figure 34: First Point of Regulatio n First-Stage Body Yoke Yoke Screw Dust Cap Port/Port plug Second Point of regulation: Assists in providing the diver with an ambient pressurized air that is equivalents to surrounding pressure in air and water. It forms the safe breathing point for the diver. It attaches to the open water valve discussed earlier and thus acts as the other breathing-point/alternative during a deep dive. Figure 35: Primary Second Stage Regulator Purge Button Ease of breathing regulator Exhaust valve Mouthpiece An alternative second point of regulation: Forms a backup for the second point regulator. A diver can share air with a fellow diver during a deep-water dive through this point. This alternative point is today a standard safety diving console for a diver (Bantin 68). Figure 36 Secondary Second Stage Regulator Mouthpiece Low pressure Hose Plunge button Air Adjuster Submersible pressure scale and related console: It is a gauge for monitoring air usage during a dive to avoid run-outs. It connects to the first regulator through a high-pressure tube, and provides a point of reading direct pressure from the scuba tank. Other gauges that work in line with the pressure gauge include the depth gauge; computer console and diver compass (William 35). Figure 37: Inflator Hose connector Sleeve Buoyancy Compensator opening A low pressure inflating tube: According to Leaird, this is a critical low-pressure hose that assists in quick transfers of air from the first stage regulator to the â€Å"Buoyancy Compensator’s (BC) inflator† (42). Figure 38: Submersible Air/Pressure Gauge Depth Gauge Submersible Pressure Gauge Buoyancy Compensators (BCs/BCDs) BCD is an inflated jacket that assists divers to experience and control neutral buoyancy. Common compensators are designed as vests or jackets, which connects the diver to the scuba tank during a deep dive. Other designs include the back wing that is often used during technical dives and the classic â€Å"ho rse collar† design. A sample design is illustrated on figure 39 below. Figure 39: Buoyancy Compensation/Control Device (BCD) How to use the buoyancy compensator Once in deep waters, add air to the buoyancy compensator in order to experience neutral buoyancy. Inflate the compensator completely to enjoy a surface dive with head above water Attach the scuba tank to the jacket scuba compensator, during recreational diving Attach the scuba dive accessories to the d-ring and pockets of the compensator for instance the torch/light, knife or slates. Features of a Buoyancy Compensator to consider before a purchase Choose the style of inflating (back inflating or vest style) depending on experience and expected usage. Vest-style is easy to use and ensures easy floating, thus best suited for surface diving Squeeze the chest when the vest-styled compensator is fully inflated Choose the right lift required for a dive When using trim weight pockets of the compensator, distribute them ac cordingly to balance the swimming position Deflate the compensator from the standard locations whenever necessary As figure 40 below illustrates, the diver can deflate the compensator through the buoyancy compensator hose, but it should be raised towards the surface Figure 40: Deflating a Buoyancy Compensator using its Hose Scuba Dive Computer It is a device for monitoring diver’s heart rates as a measure to manage workload. The digital huge display of the device enhances readability during a dive. The device also keeps track of the dive remaining bottom time (RBT), temperature, tank pressure, bearing for easy navigation during a dive and depth. The information is observable both during a dive and later since all information is committed to a logbook memory. The diver is thus advised to Always upgrade the computer system software through the wireless or infrared interface Review the calculated deco data especially the gas mixes Check all the alarm warnings and text message s during a dive Scuba Wetsuit According to William, it is scientifically proven that water conducts heat away from the human body twenty times quicker than air (8). A wetsuit thus prevents water from cooling and eventually chilling the diver due to the mechanism of slowed heat loss. The suit also protects against scratches from the aquatic life such as corals. The wetsuit traps a thin layer of water against the skin and the water is heated to a temperature near normal. Scientifically, â€Å"water conducts less heat away from diver than the cooler surroundings, thus keeping the body warm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (William 7). Wet suits are made of neoprene, which is a material made from compressed air bubbles sealed in rubber. Before settling for a choice of suit, Wear a suit that fits properly to ensure trapped heat does not circulate off the body. Remember that wetsuit is not a sufficient gear to provide required warmth if the dive is lengthy or through extreme conditions (iced water). Ensu re tightness of the suit for easy in trapping warmth, but also ensure easiness of breathing and blood circulation. Consider the thickness of the suit. Thicker suits are warmer Choose between the short or full wetsuits. Figure 41 shows the short and long wetsuits. Figure 41: Short and Long Wetsuits Conclusion Although there are many related equipment associable with scuba diving as a recreational activity, figure 42 below illustrates some of the most critical items to think through before considering the sport. Figure 42: Basic Scuba Diving Equipment Works Cited Bantin, John. The Scuba Diving Handbook: The Complete Guide to Safe and  Exciting Scuba Diving. Canada: Firefly Books, 2007. Print. Bulenkov, Ye. Soviet Manual of Scuba Diving. Florida, FL: The Minerva Group, Inc., 2004. Print. Crockett, Jim. The Why-To of Scuba Diving. Ney York, NY: Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. 2002. Print. Graver, Dennis. Scuba Diving. Illinois, IL: Human Kinetics. 2010. Print. Leaird, Tom. This Thin g called Scuba. Indiana, IN: Xlibris Corporation, 2010. Print Newman, John. Scuba Diving and Snorkelling for Dummies. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley Sons Ltd. 2011. Print. Orr, Dan, and E. Douglas. Scuba Diving Safety. Illinois, IL: Human Kinetics. 2007. Print. Treinish, Steve. Technical Rescuer: Water levels. Kentucky, KY: Cengage Learning, 2009. William, Koelzer. Scuba Diving: How to get Started. New York, NY: Chilton Book Co. 1976. Print Zitzewits, Paul. The Handy Physics Answer Book. Michigan, MI: Visible Ink Press. 2011. Print. 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Determining What Makes A Career Criminal essays

Determining What Makes A Career Criminal essays Determining What Makes A Career Criminal The career criminal, or, more pointedly, those individuals who participate in criminal acts on a regular basis for both a central and constant source of income has, generally, a specific set of identifying factors which, while conclusive in laymen's terms, fail to meet the criteria necessary for scientific inquiry. While definitions exist as to what a career criminal is, the research methods employed in determining these definitions are a large point of contention for criminal justice theorists, especially due to their potential and virtually imminent inclusion to modern hypothesis on the subject. These research methods include longitudinal data collection and compilation, cross-sectional data collection and compilation, and, as at least one group of theorists argue, the most efficient method, informative interviewing. The longitudinal research method employs a data collection technique which focuses on the duration of a particular actin this case, the so-called criminal careerbased not upon specific incidents, but the length of time measured between such acts (Blumstein, Cohen, and Farrington, 1988). That is, an individual's propensity for criminal conduct in a so-called career mode would be measured first by the original act as an origin, then with the succeeding acts, until a final point became evident. Therefore, such a research method would logically conclude that an individual who performed or participated in criminal conduct on two occasions several years apart would be considered a career criminal. It is for this reason, that criminal justice theorists differ as to the applicability and relevance of the longitudinal research method (Blumstein, Cohen, and Farrington, 1988). Since the longitudinal research method could construe two independentor even two interdependantcriminal acts as the foundational make-up of a career criminal, theorists may hypothesize incorrectly as to ...